HANDBOOK OF ORGANIC CONDUCTIVE MOLECULES AND POLYMERS:

Vol. 3. Conductive Polymers: Spectroscopy and Physical Properties

Edited by Hari Singh Nalwa, 1997, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Chapter 11

Metallic Properties of Conductive Polymers Due to Dispersion

Bernhard Wessling
Zipperling Kessler & Co (Ormecon Chemie) Ammersbek, Germany

1	Introduction
	1.1 Alternative: dispersion
	1.2 Concept of dissipative structures
	1.3 First commercial applications

2	Basic Terms Concerning `Dispersion'
	2.1 Colloidal systems
	2.2 Dispersion
	2.3 Agglomerates
	2.4 Emulsion
	2.5 Suspension
	2.6 Dispersions and emulsions
	2.7 Flocculation
	2.8 Stability

3	Processing of Organic Metals and Conductive Compounds
	3.1 Tools for exploring and using structures and properties
	3.2 The problem
	3.3 Intrinsically conductive polymers (ICPs)
	3.3.1 Processing as a scientific problem 3.3.2 Processing as a technological problem 3.3.3 Processing research as a strategic problem
	3.4 Conductive carbon-black compounds
	3.4.1 Fields of application and conductivity ranges 3.4.2 Production, processing and in-use properties 3.4.3 Percolation or dissipative structure formation?
	3.5 The dependence of the structure and properties of carbon-black-filled compounds on processing
	3.5.1 Rheology 3.5.2 Mechanical properties 3.5.3 Conductivity and processing conditions 3.5.4 Prospects
	3.6 Processing intrinsically conductive polymers by modifying their chemical structure
	3.6.1 Polymerisation in a polymer matrix 3.6.2 Co-polymers and polymers made from monomers with side chains
	3.7 Processing of ICPs on the basis of inherent properties
	3.7.1 Moulded articles made from pure ICPs; thermoductility 3.7.2 Polymer blends: ICP as a dispersed phase
	3.8 Summary and prospects

4	Rheological Phenomena and Structure Formation in Multiphase Polymer Systems
	4.1 Theoretical approaches and models
	4.1.1 Carbon black compounds and the conductivity leap 4.1.2 Equilibrium thermodynamics of multiphase polymer systems
	4.2 Experimental part
	4.2.1 Introduction to experimental part 4.2.2 Description of the dispersions investigated
	4.3 Results
	4.3.1 Dynamic viscosity as a function of volume percentage of disperse phase 4.3.2 Comparison of regression lines at constant shear rate 4.3.3 Other measured results 4.3.4 'Thermodynamic interaction factor'
	4.4 Discussion
	4.4.1 Consequences for an application-oriented view 4.4.2 Theoretical consideration 4.4.3 Summary

5	The Formation of Dissipative Structures in Colloidal Systems
	5.1 The currently popular viewpoint
	5.2 Conflict of experiment with topological equilibrium theories
	5.2.1 The rheology of polymer systems 5.2.2 Impact modification 5.2.3 The non-linear behaviour of the density 5.2.4 Results of experimental measurements 5.2.5 Ageing effects
	5.3 Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and self-organisation phenomena - a new viewpoint
	5.4 Microemulsions: colloidal systems with a rich structure
	5.5 Conductive polymer dispersions: are these structured like mikroemulsions?
	5.6 Conclusions

6	First Computer Simulation of Dissipative Structure Formation on Heterogeneous Polymer Systems
	6.1 Formation of networks of a dispersed phase by flocculation - introduction
	6.2 Experimental basis
	6.3 Results
	6.4 Conclusions

7	Conductivity and Thermopower of Blens of Polyaniline with Insulating Polymers (PETG and PMMA)
	7.1 conductivity of PAni/PMMA blends
	7.2 Thermoelectric power
	7.3 Conclusions

8	Corrosion Protection of Metallic Workpieces by the Organic Noble Metal Polyaniline
	8.1 Passivation of metals by coating with polyaniline corrosion potential shift and morphological changes
	8.1.1 Experimentals 8.1.2 Results 8.1.3 Conclusions
	8.2 The mechanism of corrosion protection of polyaniline
	8.2.1 The reaction scheme for the passivation of metals by polyaniline 8.2.2 Experimental investigations of the corrosion mechanism 8.2.3 Conclusions
	8.3 Practical corrosion tests in comparison with conventional coatings
	8.3.1 Tests on passivated steel specimens 8.3.2 Conclusions from experimental investigations
	8.4 Results on salt spray tests in accordance with DIN 50021 using CORRPASSIV
	8.5 Conclusions

9	The Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics of Multiphase Systems
	9.1 Background of the new concept
	9.2 The principal ideas of the non-equilibrium thermodynamic theory
	9.3 Critical shear rate as a bifurcation point

10	The Metallic Properties of Polyaniline and its Dispersions
	10.1 Original ideas about the conductive nature of ICPs
	10.2 The hypothesis of the ICPs as a ‘granular metal’
	10.3 The ‘sphere hypothesis’
	10.4 Mesoscopic metals
	10.5 ICPs: a family of ‘natural’ mesoscopic metals
	10.6 Thermopower of polyaniline dispersions
	10.7 The new picture of conductive polymers

11	The New Concept for Understanding the Brittle-to-tough Transition in Polymer Blends
	11.1 Phase distribution, dispersion, dissipated structure formation, flocculation and crazing mechanism, according to the new concept
	11.2 Conclusions

12	Acknowledgement

13	References

ICPs: a family of `natural' mesoscopic metals
Thermopower of polyaniline dispersions
The new picture of conductive polymers

11 The New Concept for Understanding the Brittle-to-tough Transition in Polymer Blends

Phase distribution, dispersion, dissipated structure formation, flocculation and crazing
mechanism, according to the new concept
Conclusions

12 Acknowledgement

13 References

HANDBOOK OF ORGANIC CONDUCTIVE MOLECULES AND POLYMERS:

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